Evaluation of Serum Electrolyte Profile of AMI Patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Case Control Study

Background: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of theleading causes of death in the developed world. The presentstudy was planned to assess serum electrolyte profile of AMIpatients.Materials & Methods: A total of 55 AMI patients and 55 agematched and gender-matched healthy controls were includedin the present study. Complete medical and past family historyof all the subjects was obtained. At the time of admission,blood samples were obtained from all the AMI patients. In caseof healthy controls, blood samples were obtained as a part ofroutine medical check-up. All the samples were sent forassessment of serum potassium and sodium levels.Results: Mean electrolyte profile of the subjects of the AMIgroup was found to be significantly lower than that of subjectsof the healthy control group.Conclusion: Fall in the levels of serum sodium and potassiumlevels might increase the probability of occurrence of AMI

Distribution of ABO and rh blood group in myeloproliferative diseases

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of ABO and Rh blood group in myeloproliferative disease and if association, if any exists can be used as a preclinical marker for cancer development and risk; hence, we can modify other modifiable risks for myeloproliferative diseases (MPDs). Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study which included 252 cases who were diagnosed as a patient with lymphoid malignancies of any age group of both gender, 350 controls were taken as healthy people who have donated blood. Cases and controls were collected between January 1, 2016 and May 30, 2017. Blood group sampling of all cases and controls was performed. The obtained information regarding the presence or absence of myeloproliferative disorder, blood group type, age group, and type of myeloproliferative disorder analyzed, the statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for windows version 16.0 software. The findings were present in number and percentage analyzed using frequency, percentage, and Chi-squared test. Results: Of 266 cases of MPDs, majority of cases were of blood Group B (35.34%), followed by O (27.81%), A (26.69%), and AB (10.16%). Majority of cases were Rh positive (85.33%). Of 266 cases of MPDs, the most common was chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) (53.38%), polycythemia vera (16.55%), essential thrombocytosis (15.78%), primary myelofibrosis (11.28%), mastocytosis (1.5%), chronic neutrophil leukemia (1.13%), and the least common chronic eosinophilia leukemia (0.38%). In CML, primary myelofibrosis, mastocytosis, chronic neutrophilic leukemia, and chronic eosinophilic leukemia blood Group B was the most common, while blood Group O was more common in polycythemia vera and essential thrombocytosis. In control group, the most common blood group was O (36%), followed by B (32.67%), A (21.33%), and AB (10%), respectively. Majority of control groups (94.33%) were Rh positive and (5.67%) were Rh negative. Conclusions: The present study revealed that there are significant associations between ABO blood group and patients with MPDs. Male gender and blood group B and Rh factor positive are more prone for the development of myeloproliferative disorder. These findings also raise the possibility of using blood groups as an epidemiological marker for identifying population subgroups who are at high risk of these MPDs.

Assessment of Role of Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Acute Pancreatitis: An Observational Study at a Tertiary Care Centre

Background: Serum amylase has been used for diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in hospitals. Majority of the clinicians ask for amylase as well as lipase for diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. However, serum marker lipase is considered to have better accuracy in many countries. Aim: The objective of this study was to find which single marker to be used in for diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. Methods: A total of 100 patients, 54 were females and 46 were males were included in the study. Patients willing to participate were included in the study. The serum lipase and amylase were taken from 100 patients. Patients were assured the confidentiality and anonymity of the collected data. Diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and positive and negative likelihood ratios were calculated. Results: out of 100 patients studied 54 (54%) were females and 46 (46%) were males. The sensitivity and specificity of amylase at 3-fold above normal limit were 61.6% and 98.25% while those of lipase were 95.7% and 98.9% respectively. Conclusions: Both serum enzymes serum lipase and amylase had good diagnostic accuracy in our study. Serum lipase can be used as an alternative over serum amylase for diagnosis of acute pancreatitis.

Isolation and Identification of Organism from Throat Swab Along with Sensitivity Pattern from the Patients in North India.

Background: Sore throat is the one of the commonest complaint of the patients in ENT OPDs. The prevalent cause of sore throat is in India is group A streptococci (GAS).But physicians across the country underestimate the real cause of the sore throat and prescribe the irrational use of antibiotic leading to development of resistance towards the antibiotics by the pathogens. Methods: The100 throat swab samples were collected with all aseptic precautions from sore throat patients in ENT OPD and also from other department of microbiology from March 2014 to December 2015. And were sent to microbiology department for throat swab culture & Sensitivity reporting. Result: A total of 100 patients suffering from sore throats were included in this study of which 57 were males and 43 were females. Out of 100 patients 35 were pathogenic 59 were nonpathogenic & there were no growth in 6 patients. The age range of study is from 2 years to 70 years. The isolated organism were E.Coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staph aureus,and alpha haemolytic streptococci were found out of 35pathogenic organism. Biomodal peak of more pathogenic growth was observed in the month of September, November and December. Culture sensitivity reports showed high sensitivity in of various pathogens towards erythromycin (mostly), Prisinomycin ,Cotrimoxazole, Linezolid,Vancomycin ,Cefaperazone, Polymyxin B Norfloxacin, Ampicillin and resistance towards Chloramphenicol,Gentamycin, Ampicillin, Cefazolin, Amoxicillin etc. Conclusion: This study gives us an insight to the current state of causative pathogens and their antimicrobial sensitivity from throat swab in Teerthanker Mahaveer Hospital. Alpha haemolytic Streptococci and staphylococcus aureus were the commonest organism isolated from throat swab.

Comparison of Urinary Protein Creatinine Index (uPCI) and Dipsticks for the Prediction of Renal Dysfunction in Chronic Cigarette Smokers.

Background: Proteinuria is recognized as one of the earliest sign of renal function deterioration in chronic smokers. Proteinuria occurs due to alteration in glomerular permeability and later due to failure of reabsorption of filtered protein by the tubular cells. Normally, most healthy adults excrete 20 – 150 mg of protein in urine over 24 hours. However, it is difficult to collect 24 hrs urine samples. Objectives: To advocate the use of PCI (protein creatinine index) in assessment of proteinuria and to compare dipstick result with PCI in the assessment of proteinuria in chronic cigarette smokers. Material & Methods: A total of 30 cigarette smokers and 40 age and sex matched controls were included for the study. A random specimen of urine collected from each cigarette smoker and non- smoker was tested quantitatively by manual sulfosalicylic acid colorimetric method for the estimation of protein concentration. Creatinine concentration in each specimen was measured by modified Jaffe’s method and the urinary PCI was calculated. Results: Normal range of PCI which has been established in this study is 50 to 259. Significantly higher amounts of protein were found to be excreted in urine in chronic smokers (9.313 ± 4.003 mg/dl) as compared to healthy non smokers (7.738 ± 2.05 mg/dl). On comparison of PCI between healthy non smoker and chronic smoker subjects, PCI has been found to be significantly elevated in chronic smokers (healthy non smoker- 118.32 ± 56.86, chronic smoker- 180.1 ± 88.23) (p=0.001). Conclusion: PCI of random urine sample can provide a very useful, simple and convenient method for the quantitative assessment of proteinuria to confirm the advent of kidney damage, avoiding the drawbacks of 24 hrs urine collection.

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism is not risk factor for Down syndrome in North India.

BACKGROUND: Down syndrome (DS) is the most common cause of mental retardation of genetic etiology with the prevalence rate of 1/700 to 1/1000 live births worldwide. Several polymorphisms in folate/homocysteine metabolism pathways genes have been reported as a risk factor in women for bearing DS child, but very few studies investigated these polymorphisms in DS cases whether there are a risk factor for being DS or not. OBJECTIVE: We have investigated the association of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) with the occurrence of DS in Indian population. MTHFR is one of the key regulatory enzymes involved in the metabolic pathway of homocysteine responsible for the reduction of methyltetrahydrofolate. A total of 32 DS cases and 64 age, sex matched controls were genotyped for MTHFR C677T polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction‑restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS: The observed genotype frequencies were CC = 0.81; CT = 0.17 and TT = 0.02 in controls and CC = 0.81 and CT = 0.19 in DS cases. Frequency of T allele in DS and controls were 0.09 and 0.1, respectively. Significant difference in the distribution of mutant 677T allele was not observed between DS cases and controls (odds ratio = 0.915; 95% confidence intervals: 0.331-2.53; P = 0.864). CONCLUSION: Results of this study indicate that MTHFR C677T polymorphism is not risk factor for DS.

Analysis of methionine synthase reductase polymorphism (A66G) in Indian Muslim population.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) is a vital enzyme of homocysteine/methionine metabolic pathway and is required for the conversion of inactive form of methionine synthase (MTR) to its active form. A clinically important allelic variant of MTRR A66G, with less enzymatic activity is reported with worldwide prevalence rate of ~ 30%. The present study was designed to determine the frequency of MTRR A66G polymorphism in rural Sunni Muslim population of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Total 56 subjects were analyzed for MTRR A66G polymorphism. A66G mutation analysis was carried out according to the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method of Wilson et al. [1] amplification with MTRR specific primers followed by amplicon digestion with NdeI enzyme was used for the identification of different MTRR genotypes in subjects. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The AA genotype was found in 5 subjects, AG in 23 subjects, and GG genotype in 28 subjects. Genotype frequencies of AA, AG, and GG were 0.089, 0.41, and 0.5 respectively. The allele frequency of A allele was found to be 0.298 and G allele was 0.705. CONCLUSION: It is evident from the present study that the percentage of homozygous genotype GG and frequency of G allele is high in the target Muslim population.

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism (c677t) in muslim population of eastern uttar pradesh, India.

Objective : The aim of the present study was to investigate the distribution of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (C677T) polymorphism in the Muslim population of eastern Uttar Pradesh. Materials and Methods: Total 56 subjects were analysed for MTHFR C677T polymorphism. C677T mutation analysis was done according to the PCR-RFLP (Polymerase chain reaction-Restriction fragment length polymorphism) method. Results : The frequencies of three genotypes CC, CT, and TT were 0.857, 0.125, and 0.07, respectively, and the frequency of mutated T allele was found to be 0.080. Conclusion : Genotypes and allele frequencies revealed the low prevalence of MTHFR C677T polymorphism in Indian Muslims. C677T mutation has been suggested to be positively associated with the risk of several congenital and multifactorial disorders. The low frequency of T/T genotype in the Muslim population may be due to malnutrition in pregnant women, because of insufficient intake of folate is considered to be a survival disadvantage for foetuses with T/T genotype.